Welcome to the Learning Center, KMS Technologies - KJT Enterprises Inc.'s training sub-web.

Following are summaries of the Reservoir Characterization with Borehole Geophysics lecture taught by Dr. Strack at the University of Houston (2000 - 2007, Summer School 2005, South Africa School 2008). (Please see also the outline under Training Services in the public part of the web).

Another course is the workshop on Resistivity Logging for Reservoir Characterization given by Drs. Hagiwara, Strack and Zhou at the SPWLA Annual Conference 2004 in the Netherlands.

After several course on EM for petroleum, popular demand made us start a new course: Exploration with ElectroMagnetic methods

We included a course on seismic attributes in Spanish that was given in Lima. Of course, the course is also available in English (upon request)

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Synopsis: Reservoir Characterization with Borehole Geophysics

When optimizing the recovery factor of hydrocarbon reservoirs, integration between borehole measurements and surface measurements is crucial to understand the scale limitation of the surface data and also the limitations of borehole data, as it is being use for calibration. Borehole geophysics builds that link between rock physics, well logging and surface seismics leading to characterization of the reservoir on the reservoir scale. 

The basis for borehole measurements is obtained from a basic understanding of rock physics. The understanding of the physical properties of rocks and their importance for the different applications such as petroleum or engineering makes up the basic framework for the methods. The understanding of the influence of these parameters leads to petrophysics in the oil field environment and immediately to the appropriate Earth models. We then design geophysical techniques (seismic, gravity, electromagnetic) to measures these Earth models and to get a better insight into the reservoir. Borehole seismics, which covers most of borehole geophysics, can be separated into three groups: Vertical seismic profiling (VSP); cross well and single well techniques; and fracture monitoring. All techniques have different user groups and objectives in petroleum geophysics. VSP is mostly used for direct calibration between logs and seismic with 3D VSP going a little bit further into the structural definition of the reservoir. Cross well and single well techniques link the well and are mainly used to investigate the interwell space. Fracture monitoring allows optimizing the artificial fracture stimulation (active) and reservoir production (passive) process. Both are geared to optimized production and well placement.

Additional elements of borehole geophysics are borehole gravity and borehole electromagnetics. Gravity is used to investigate density contrasts up to 200 m away from the well bore and borehole electromagnetics can spanned up to 500 m in cross well mode. Borehole gravity has been commercial for over two decades and borehole EM is just now emerging.

To better understand how this link with well logging, the course will review the key logging techniques namely electrical logging, acoustic logging, nuclear logging and image logs. Other logging methods will only be shortly introduced including LWD and mudlogging. Finally, we will include an outline into permanent sensor technologies as emerging applications to better characterize the reservoir.
 

Electromagnetic techniques are important for hydrocarbon E&P because they can distinguish between oil and water saturated rock, responding directly to water-filled porosity. Their sensitivity decreases slowly with depth, so they can often be applied when seismic fails due to abrupt physical property change. However, their real strength lies in their complementary use, along with seismic, either to improve the seismic velocity interpretation or to provide additional information such as inferred porosities. In this course we review the historic foundation of electromagnetic methods and introduce three techniques: Magnetotellurics (MT), frequency domain CSEM and time domain CSEM (tCSEM™). MT uses the Earth’s natural electromagnetic field as its source, and makes tensorial (multi-channel) measurements to obtain information about the resistivity structure. CSEM uses its own transmitter with magnetic and electric field component measurements, also to obtain information about the resistivity structure. Each technique has an optimum depth range and preferred application targets, which depends on the resistivity of the subsurface and the noise environment.

 When optimizing the recovery factor of hydrocarbon reservoirs, integration between borehole measurements and surface measurements is crucial to understand the scale limitation of the surface data and also the limitations of borehole data, as it is being use for calibration.  A better understanding of the influence of the rock properties leads to select the appropriate Earth model. Understanding borehole electromagnetics tools allows to design better Earth models and to get a more insight into the reservoir.

Numerous case histories are shown where MT, CSEM, and tCSEM™ measurements confirm independently other measurements and help getting better resolution in the interpretation. The applications range from hydrocarbon exploration, geothermal exploration to sub-salt exploration and deep crustal studies. MT is widely used in many parts of the world for a variety of applications. Its major use is for oil exploration in seismically difficult areas, including karsts in East and SE Asia, and for sub-salt and sub carbonate exploration in the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico. At 'audio' frequencies it is used for mineral exploration at depths beyond the reach of Transient EM while, at still higher frequencies, it is being applied to a range of environmental problems.

 The future of electromagnetic measurements lies clearly in their combination with reflection seismic to better define fluid content. In addition EM results can be used to constrain the interpretation of seismic velocities and the results can be improved by being constrained by EM.

Synopsis: Resistivity Logging for Reservoir Characterization

During the past decade numerous new resistivity logging methods and tools have been developed. Resistivity logging offers one of the most effective and economical ways to distinguish between hydrocarbon and water, and resistivity is one of the key parameters used in reserve calculation. The development of these new resistivity logging technologies was driven by the more accurate evaluation of difficult formation environments such as thinly laminated pays and complex borehole conditions. Offshore and deepwater exploration activities have also spawned innovative LWD/MWD resistivity tools and geosteering applications, although the associated log interpretation in high deviation wells remains to be a challenge in some situations. Fast evolving reservoir production and monitoring activities lead to the cased hole resistivity logging to more accurately define the current reserves and to locate missed pays. These new resistivity technologies cover from small scale (borehole imaging tools) to large scale (Cross-well ElectroMagnetics) to meet various needs in hydrocarbon exploration and production.

In this short course we will review the basis of resistivity logging and address the new technologies of the last 10 years at the same time. Throughout the course, field and modeling examples will be used to support the technology discussion and illustrate the concepts. The technical material will be at the introductory and intermediate level of resistivity logging, while also covering advanced topics on multi-component induction and formation anisotropy, cased hole logging and reservoir monitoring, LWD measurements and high deviation well interpretation. Advanced concepts will also be explored to foresee the development of more integrated interpretation methods.
 

Atributos de sísmica 2D y 3D para identificación de prospectos y caracterización de yacimientos/exploración.

El curso está dirigido principalmente a geólogos y geofísicos que están activamente involucrados en la generación de prospectos y delineación de yacimientos. Los objetivos generales del curso están la identificación práctica  de los rasgos sísmicos, dependencia en métodos de adquisición sísmica, procesamiento sísmico, correlación y calibración de atributos sísmicos con rasgos geológicos en yacimientos de hidrocarburos, y generación de prospectos usando rasgos sísmicos e información geológica.

El curso tiene los partes siguientes:

1.         Introducción

2.         Atributos 2D vs. 3D

3.         Atributos estructurales y estratigráficos

4.         Investigación de cambios de amplitud con offset. AVO convencional e inversión elástica.

5.         Impedancia acústica

6.         Descomposición Espectral

7.         Efectos en capas delgadas y otras litologías en respuestas a atributos    

8.         Herramientas de análisis de multiatributos

9.         Calibración de los pozos y los datos sísmicos.

10.       Atributos sísmicos para caracterización de yacimientos

11.       Interpretación de atributos sísmicos

12.       Validación a la respuesta de los atributos

13.       Geoestadistica

14.       Conclusiones.

El curso esta mejor para personas con más que 5 anos de experiencia. Los alumnos van a obtener un conocimiento bueno de atributos sísmicos, su interpretación e uso para identificar localizaciones nuevas para perforar.